{"id":8330,"date":"2022-02-07T15:12:48","date_gmt":"2022-02-07T15:12:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jurmed.ro\/pacienti\/?p=8330"},"modified":"2022-02-09T11:46:16","modified_gmt":"2022-02-09T11:46:16","slug":"cancerul-de-san-de-la-diagnostic-la-vindecare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jurmed.ro\/pacienti\/cancerul-de-san-de-la-diagnostic-la-vindecare\/","title":{"rendered":"Cancerul de s\u00e2n, de la diagnostic la vindecare"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Autor: Dr. Cristian Jumuga Medic specialist obstetric\u0103-ginecologie Royal Hospital Bucharest<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Cancerul de s\u00e2n este cea mai comun\u0103 form\u0103 de cancer diagnosticat\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul femeilor, reprezent\u00e2nd 1 din 4 cazuri de cancer depistate la nivel mondial.<\/p>\n

Cancerul de s\u00e2n \u00een statistici.<\/u><\/strong> Anul trecut erau confirmate peste 355.000 de cazuri de cancer de s\u00e2n la nivelul Uniunii Europene, iar pe \u00eentreg continentul, conform statisticilor Organiza\u021biei Mondiale a S\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii, peste 576.000. Tot anul trecut, peste 157.000 de femei pierdeau lupta cu aceast\u0103 boal\u0103 la nivel european, dintre care 92.000 din \u021b\u0103rile membre ale UE. Estim\u0103rile Comisiei Europene spun c\u0103 1 din 11 femei din statele membre vor dezvolta cancer de s\u00e2n p\u00e2n\u0103 la v\u00e2rsta de 74 de ani. Totu\u0219i, 21% din cazurile depistate \u00een Europa au ca subiect femeile mai tinere de 50 de ani, \u00een timp ce 35% sunt femei cu v\u00e2rsta cuprins\u0103 \u00eentre 50 \u0219i 64 de ani. \u00cen Statele Unite ale Americii, inciden\u021ba cancerului de s\u00e2n a crescut cu 0,5% \u00een fiecare an, din 2008 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2017. Cercet\u0103torii americani se a\u0219teapt\u0103 ca cel pu\u021bin 43.000 de femei s\u0103 piard\u0103 lupta cu cancerul de s\u00e2n \u00een 2021. \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, anul trecut, au fost descoperite peste 12.000 de cazuri de cancer de s\u00e2n, iar aproape 4.000 au pierdut lupta cu boala. \u00cen ultimii 5 ani au fost descoperite la noi \u00een \u021bar\u0103 peste 45.000 de astfel de cazuri. La nivel european, o moarte din 6 este cauzat\u0103 de aceast\u0103 boal\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ce favorizeaz\u0103 apari\u021bia bolii.<\/u><\/strong> Cancerul de s\u00e2n este una dintre cele mai comune forme de cancer de pe glob, ratele sale de supravie\u021buire fiind\u00a0 \u00een general bune, deoarece este o boal\u0103 care,\u00a0 descoperit\u0103 \u00een stadii incipiente, poate fi tratat\u0103 \u0219i vindecat\u0103. Exist\u0103 mai mul\u021bi factori de risc ai acestei boli. Spre exemplu, obezitatea sau alcoolismul sunt caracteristici ce pot influen\u021ba apari\u021bia cancerului de s\u00e2n, al\u0103turi de o dieta necorespunz\u0103toare. De asemenea, exist\u0103 studii ce au eviden\u021biat faptul c\u0103 \u00eentre 5 \u0219i 10% din cazurile de cancer de s\u00e2n au cauze genetice. Totodat\u0103, \u00eentr-un document publicat de Europa Donna European Breast Cancer Coalition sunt amintite \u0219i cauzele sociologice ale apari\u021biei cancerului de s\u00e2n, precum v\u00e2rstele din ce \u00een ce mai \u00eenaintate ale femeilor care dau na\u0219tere primului copil. Centrul pentru Prevenirea \u0219i Controlul Bolilor (SUA) a publicat un studiu prin care reiese c\u0103 \u0219ansele de a dezvolta aceast\u0103 afec\u021biune cresc \u00een r\u00e2ndul femeilor ce au avut prima menstrua\u021bie \u00eenainte de v\u00e2rsta de 12 ani sau care au ajuns la menopauz\u0103 dup\u0103 v\u00e2rsta de 55 ani.<\/p>\n

Simptome, ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tim.<\/u> <\/strong>Primul simptom al cancerului de s\u00e2n, observat de majoritatea femeilor, este apari\u021bia unui nodul. Nodulii la s\u00e2n, \u00een general, nu sunt cancero\u0219i, dar dac\u0103 sunt sesiza\u021bi, investiga\u021biile medicale sunt imediat indicate.<\/p>\n

Iat\u0103 ce trebuie s\u0103 v\u0103 trimit\u0103 la un consult medical:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • depistarea unui nodul nedureros,\u00a0 cu suprafa\u021ba neregulat\u0103, consisten\u021b\u0103 dur\u0103 (cel mai frecvent) \u0219i care anterior nu era;<\/li>\n
  • o modificare a dimensiunii sau a formei unuia sau a ambilor s\u00e2ni, ori deform\u0103ri sesizabile;<\/li>\n
  • scurgeri de lichid la nivelul mamelonului (mai ales cele unilaterale, spontane, hemoragice sau incolore);<\/li>\n
  • o umfl\u0103tur\u0103 nedureroas\u0103 \u00een zona axilelor;<\/li>\n
  • piele ro\u0219ie sau iritat\u0103, ori zone care arat\u0103 precum coaja de portocal\u0103;<\/li>\n
  • ro\u0219ea\u021b\u0103 (eritem) sau ulcera\u021bie de orice natur\u0103 la nivelul mameloanelor;<\/li>\n
  • o schimbare a aspectului mamelonului, cum ar fi retrac\u021bia acestuia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Aten\u021bie, durerea de s\u00e2n, localizat\u0103 sau general\u0103, nu este un semn al cancerului, fiind probabil efect al hormonilor feminini, dar dac\u0103 problema persist\u0103 \u0219i dup\u0103 ce trece perioada menstrual\u0103, vizita la medic este obligatorie.<\/p>\n

    Diagnostic. Screeningul este esen\u021bial<\/strong>.<\/u> Cele mai frecvente simptome ale cancerului de s\u00e2n sunt reprezentate de modific\u0103ri ale s\u00e2nului cum ar fi prezen\u021ba unui nodul, modific\u0103ri ale mamelonului, eliminarea unei secre\u021bii din s\u00e2n sau modific\u0103ri ale pielii la nivelul s\u00e2nului. \u00cen aceste cazuri se impune evaluarea imediat\u0103 a pacientei. Investiga\u021biile ini\u021biale pentru cancerul de s\u00e2n sunt reprezentate de un examen fizic, insemnand atat consultul senologic cat si examenul clinic general, o serie de investiga\u021bii imagistice specifice – mamografie \u0219i ecografie. \u00cen unele cazuri, poate fi necesara \u0219i o investiga\u021bie imagistic\u0103 suplimentar\u0103 denumit\u0103 rezonan\u021b\u0103 magnetic\u0103 nucleara (cunoscut\u0103 sub prescurtarea RMN). \u00cen cazul \u00een care se depisteaz\u0103 o tumor\u0103 suspect\u0103, se efectueaz\u0103 o biopsie, adica se recolteaz\u0103 o prob\u0103 de \u021besut pentru examenul anatomopatologic\u00a0 pentru a stabili cu certitudine diagnosticul \u0219i pentru a evalua profilul bolii \u00eenainte de planificarea oric\u0103rui tip de tratament. aAici trebuie s\u0103 insist asupra faptului c\u0103 nu trebuie s\u0103 a\u0219tept\u0103m un simptom ca sa ne prezent\u0103m la medic;\u00a0 fiecare femeie ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 \u00een vedere controlul periodic al sanilor pe care ar trebui s\u0103 \u0219i-l programeze anual, poate chiar de dou\u0103 ori pe an. Screening-ul salveaz\u0103 vie\u021bi pentru c\u0103 un cancer de s\u00e2n diagnosticat devreme are foarte mari \u0219anse s\u0103 fie vindecat. Deci, verificarea periodic\u0103 a s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u0163ii s\u00e2nilor sau screeningul cancerului de s\u00e2n \u00eenseamn\u0103 identificarea apari\u0163iei formelor incipiente de boal\u0103, \u00eenainte de a exista semne sau simptome evidente. Aceast\u0103 abordare nu previne cancerul, dar identific\u0103 boala c\u00e2nd este mai u\u015for de tratat sau c\u00e2nd posibilitatea de vindecare este maxim\u0103. Pentru c\u0103 un diagnostic corect este punctul esen\u0163ial de pornire pentru o terapie eficient\u0103, se pot face \u015fi alte teste: analize de s\u00e2nge, teste genetice, identificarea prezen\u0163ei markerilor tumorali, stabilirea exact\u0103 a factorilor de proliferare, evalu\u0103ri imagistice (CT) \u015fi, uneori, scanarea \u0163esutului osos (structura cea mai vulnerabil\u0103 de a dezvolta metastaze \u00een cancerul de s\u00e2n).<\/p>\n

    Op\u021biuni de tratament.<\/u> <\/strong>Tratamentul cancerului de s\u00e2n depinde de c\u00e2t de avansat este stadiul bolii (stadiul 0-IV) \u0219i de tipul cancerului. \u00cen tratamentul bolii se utilizeaz\u0103 interven\u021bia chirurgical\u0103, radioterapia, chimioterapia, terapia endocrin\u0103 \u0219i terapia \u021bintit\u0103. Stadiul cancerului de s\u00e2n se stabile\u0219te \u00een func\u021bie de dimensiunea tumorii, de afectarea ganglionilor limfatici \u0219i de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea \u00een afara s\u00e2nului \u0219i a ganglionilor limfatici \u00een alte regiuni ale organismului, conform sistemului TNM (o prescurtare provenit\u0103 de la: T \u2013 tumor\u0103, N \u2013 ganglioni limfatici, M \u2013 metastaze). Aceste informa\u021bii sunt utilizate pentru a ajuta la luarea celei mai bune decizii \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te tratamentul. \u0218i prezen\u021ba parametrilor (markerilor) biologici, inclusiv a receptorilor pentru hormoni \u0219i un receptor denumit HER2, ajut\u0103 la stabilirea tratamentului de utilizat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Cancerul de s\u00e2n este cea mai comun\u0103 form\u0103 de cancer diagnosticat\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul femeilor, reprezent\u00e2nd 1 din 4 cazuri de cancer depistate la nivel mondial. Cancerul de s\u00e2n \u00een statistici. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":8334,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[99],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8330","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-oncologie"],"yoast_head":"\nCancerul de s\u00e2n, de la diagnostic la vindecare - Jurmed - Pacienti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cancerul de s\u00e2n este cea mai comun\u0103 form\u0103 de cancer diagnosticat\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul femeilor, reprezent\u00e2nd 1 din 4 cazuri de cancer depistate la nivel mondial.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jurmed.ro\/pacienti\/cancerul-de-san-de-la-diagnostic-la-vindecare\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cancerul de s\u00e2n, de la diagnostic la vindecare - 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